pueblos
originarios
  datos generales »   Acerca de Bolivia  ·  Región La Paz  ·  Región Beni  ·  Historia & Cultura · Vida Salvaje · Pueblos Originarios

 

Pueblos Originarios
Los pueblos Aymaras habitan en su mayoría la región de La Paz y en menor cantidad algunas comunidades del Beni. También existen grupos Quechuas en el Norte de La Paz. En la región de los Yungas se encuentran las únicas colonias Afro-bolivianas (descendencia africana) de Bolivia. En la región Amazónica predominan, además de descendientes Aymaras, grupos étnicos como los Tacanas, Moxeños, Sireneires, Esse Ejas, Maropas, Tsimanes, Movimas y Lecos, etre otras etnias más reducidas.

Aymaras
Su dominio está ubicado principalmente en el altiplano boliviano. Su modo tradicional de elegir a sus autoridades es de tipo democrático. El MALLKU es la autoridad de la comunidad (el jefe), los ACHACHILAS (ancianos) son los sabios consejeros, luego está el JILAKATA (quien pone orden y castiga), y los JEFES de AYLLUS, que son pequeñas poblaciones parte de la comunidad.

La creación artística de los aymaras se expresa en una gran variedad de tejidos, cerámica, cestería, escultura, danza y la música. En los Ayllus más alejados, la vestimenta todavía se realiza de manera artesanal con lana de oveja, alpaca, llama y vicuña. Los que habitan en las cercanías del lago construyen increíbles balsas de totora (planta acuática) para medio de transporte en el lago.

Quechuas
Es el grupo étnico con mayor extensión territorial y lingüística que habita Bolivia. En la región de La Paz habitan principalmente en el Norte. Su organización política se basa en un JEFE para toda la comunidad, el KURAKA (el segundo), luego están los cuatro JILANCOS (como un parlamento). En cada población perteneciente a la comunidad hay un JILAKATA (alcalde).
Las artesanías elaboradas por los quechuas son fundamentalmente el tejido y la cerámica. El tejido mantiene gran parte de su originalidad, tanto en técnicas, formas y diseños. Utilizan lana de oveja, llama o alpaca para confeccionar sus ropas (Poncho, Chaquetilla, Ch'ullu, Ch'uspas). Los quechuas tienen gran habilidad para la fabricación de cerámica y alfarería destinada al uso doméstico y al comercio.

Afro-bolivianos

Los descendientes de los exclavos africanos, traídos a la región durante la colonia Española, se refugiaron y acentaron en la región de los Yungas de La Paz, principalmente en las comunidades de Tocaña, Chijchipa, Mururata y Chicaloma.

Su máxima expresión cultural es la llamada "SAYA", un movido ritmo musical con matices africanos que cuenta las historias de su gente. Este ritmo musical interpretado por la comunidad afro-boliviana del poblado de Chicaloma, fue declarado como "Patrimonio Cultural Nacional" por su invalorable aporte a la cultura Boliviana.

Moxeños
El grupo Moxeño es el que mayor población posee en la Amazonía Boliviana. Cada comunidad Moxeña tiene por autoridad mayor a un CACIQUE o corregidor, que se reúne con sus similares de las otras comunidades, anualmente. Las decisiones conjuntas de las comunidades mojeñas son inmediatamente transmitidas a la Central de Pueblos Indígenas del Beni, CPIB.

Sus simbolismo se vincula con la búsqueda de la "Tierra Sin Mal" o la "Loma Santa", actualmente muy relacionada al simbolismo católico y/o evangelista del "Cielo". Sin embargo, y a pesar de lo señalado, no pierden sus creencias en los "señores de las plantas, los árboles, los animales y los elementos naturales".

Tacanas
La comunidad Tacana habita la región amazónica del Norte de La Paz y el Oeste del Beni. Principalmente en las poblaciones de Ixiamas, Tumupasa y San Buenaventura. La organización sociopolítica de los Tacana conserva aún, aunque de forma refuncionalizada, el sistema de autoridades políticas que implantaron los monjes franciscanos: CORREGIDOR, CACIQUE, POLICIA, etc. Los Tacana de la provincia Iturralde (La Paz) han creado el Consejo Indígena del Pueblo Tacana (CIPTA), afiliado a la Central de Pueblos Indígenas de La Paz (CEPILAP).

Las creencias y prácticas religiosas tradicionales aún continúan ejerciendo una influencia muy importante en la vida cotidiana de los Tacana. Los CHAMANES (sacerdotes) celebran las ceremonias tradicionales, en fechas claves del calendario agrícola. Ellos no solamente son curanderos, sino también guardianes del bienestar de la comunidad y del universo. Las ceremonias en las que participan los chamanes, se realizan en casas de culto secretas, en la selva


Tsimanes
Los Tsimanes o "Chimanes" habitan la región del BENI, cerca a San Borja. Actualmente, sus principales problemas se derivan de la presencia de los comerciantes, los madereros y los colonos. El matrimonio es preponderantemente monogámico con fuerte tendencia a la poligamia. Su organización política se basa en la familia, el hombre más viejo es el JEFE político. Los Timanes contemporáneos fundaron el Gran Consejo Tsimane, afiliado a la CIDOB, para velar por sus derechos.

Los Chimane desarrollan una actividad agrícola de subsistencia. Sus creencias provienen de la relación mitológica con los señores de los cerros, los dueños o amos de los animales y los espíritus de sus antepasados. También creen en el mito de los hermanos "Tsun", "Dojity", "Micha" y "Dovo'se" (mujer), quienes son los creadores de gran parte de los animales, árboles, etc.


Mas información :
Viceministerio de Cultura Bolivia » www.cultura.gov.bo

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